There isn't a native Docker for Windows. They've come up with the "Docker Machine" to replace boot2docker, but it's still a cut down Linux VM running in VirtualBox. They've just made it a bit sexier, added Kitematic (the Docker UI), etc.
It's not really a "Vagrant VM", as Vagrant is essentially just a provisioning system, which still requires VirtualBox to run the images. So you would typically use Vagrant to package up and provision your Docker setups as their own self contained VM's.
The developer I mentioned in my previous post is running Docker on Windows 10, but he's using boot2docker, not Docker Machine.
I've been using Vagrant for a while, but it's only in the last couple of months I've started getting seriously into Docker. And the more I use it, the more blown away I am at the power and flexibility it provides. So far I've really only been using it as part of making collaborative development easier, but this month I'm working on something which we'll actually be deploying as a docker "swarm", using Amazon's EC2, with Elastic Beanstalk. Infinitely scalable at the push of a button,
-- hugh