Before XF 2.1.5a everything works As Intended. After XF 2.1.5a changes to addons (install/upgrade) or changes to things like Notices lead to problems relating to templates and phrases. Templates: out of sync, or not found. Phrases: bare (eg displaying phrase name rather than content). Reinstalling addons, reinstalling files, bouncing servers, resyncing servers - no effect. After trying every other conceivable approach and knowledge we have amassed over many years of using XenForo we rebuild master data - problems disappear immediately and then gradually reappear over the following days as we administer/moderate the site normally.
We have arguably one of the largest XenForo installations with a user base in the hundreds of thousands (up to 35k simultaneous visitors at times), many tens of millions of posts, 40+ autoscaled web servers, multiple load balancers, large RDS, CDN, ElasticSearch cluster, and other supporting infrastructure like remote monitoring systems) with dedicated sysops and custom devops staff in a controlled environment of dev, staging, and production systems. We use Nginx and PHP (php-fpm) 7.2 (about to move to 7.3 after it passes pre-prod stability testing). We have other live sites that we use for final pre-production Go/NoGo before upgrading our primary site, and these sites don't exhibit the issue although they are identically configured but much smaller. I say this just to set the context that yes we have a lot of familiarity with XF and common troubleshooting steps. I'm sure we have a lot more to learn but we are generally aware when there is a fault.
But yes, uploading files and restarting the (all) servers has been tried. Amongst many other things.
Sure it may just be our unique setup that broke at the exact moment when we upgraded our primary site to XF 2.1.5a after not having seen anything like this in the last decade or so back to XF 1 and vBulletin before that.
Regards, Groatz